This type of types are known as twin-mission (animal meat and you can egg) types, even when variations in mature human body proportions exists (Table 1)

This type of types are known as twin-mission (animal meat and you can egg) types, even when variations in mature human body proportions exists (Table 1)

The aim of this job is to review the end result out-of reproduce and you can ages towards eggs production and also the eggs external and you can interior top quality in Kroatien kvinnor four Italian dual-purpose breeds , at the beginning and lots of months after than simply very first days putting passion one to took place, correspondingly, at the conclusion of summer/beginning of autumn plus in winter months, lower than changeable environmental standards.

dos.step one. Pet and Rearing Criteria

Five Italian chicken breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you will Robusta Lionata (RL), was indeed believed with the data. The human body lbs out-of adult female was 1.25 kg during the PP, 2.30 kilogram when you look at the Emergency room and you may step three.05 kg in RM and you can RL. Its supply is the Veneto region (Italy): PP are a classic regional reproduce; their source are dated to the XIX century, however, no perfect data towards their genetic source are present. The other breeds are manufactured into the Veneto during the 1950s: new Emergency room breed originates from Sussex (shaded eggshell reproduce) and you may Rhode Island (brownish eggshell reproduce) breeds, whereas with the RM and you can RL types, Brown Orpington and you may Light America, a few brown eggshell types were utilized . Along with the mature fat, these types of breeds differ within their plumage colour: it’s fantastic from inside the PP, Er suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage is mainly white having black extremities in many countries of your muscles, black feathers regarding primaries and you will tail and you may RL shows an effective tawny plumage with black feathers regarding primaries and end. The breeds (Contour S1) show unmarried comb and you will lay shaded eggshell egg (Figure S2).

dos. Product and methods

Birds off for each breed hatched at the same time (second half off age ranch of one’s Center to have Chicken Biodiversity Preservation on the Veneto part (it routinely offers up the latest rearing ones breeds too are you aware that egg production getting incubation and you can brooding), when you look at the Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), out of hatching on pubertal many years and you can from the laying several months, and that been regarding the stop regarding june into the beginning of fall (Profile step one), depending on the breed. Giving, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and you may prophylaxis actions was indeed an equivalent to your five types, ever since off hatching with the avoid of your own read several months, which had been within the , within 53 days of age. The brand new freshly hatched chicks was leftover inside within the basic cuatro months from existence, on a green temperatures coming down away from thirty two so you can 24 °C, under infra-yellow rays lights, to the litter. On step one.5 weeks of age, the new birds received free entry to outdoor rooms, of spring season to trip and you can cold weather. For each and every reproduce (60 hens) got free the means to access outdoor (5 meters 2 /bird) room (equipped with linear drinkers), where the hens existed all day, in order to interior (4 hens/m dos ) place (wood shavings and straw litter, that have perches and you can round feeders), used mainly having putting eggs (collective nests) and at night; the room (interior and you will outdoor) offered to for each reproduce are split up because of the netting.

At the beginning of laying (around 22 weeks of age to the breed that have prior to start of laying), from inside the Sep–Oct, according to reproduce, the brand new photoperiod was natural and coming down, depending on the season and the geographical standing of your own trial route for the Northern Italy (an average of, 12L:12D), and also for the 2nd months (off 38 weeks old, off December in order to 53 weeks of age), fake white was gradually increased (for the interior area, filament-based light bulb, on 60 lux) to acquire a beneficial photoperiod regarding 14L:10D. Brand new photoperiod try controlled from the a timer, plus it is actually achieved by turning on the fresh white an hour or so before dawn and you will turning off they one hour immediately following sundown. The brand new external ecological temperature is ten ± step 3.4 °C and you will eleven ± step 3.0 °C, correspondingly, for the earliest (from the beginning out of October on the stop out of November) together with next (right from the start of January towards prevent from March) installing attacks, in the event that analysis toward yield abilities and you may egg quality was compiled. The brand new animals were given ad libitum commercial feeds considering their psychological phase (about three varied industrial nourishes from inside the increasing period). To your earliest laying phase (26–33 weeks of age, significantly less than coming down absolute photoperiod), if the types been installing, the fresh wild birds got a commercial pelleted feed (PG = 16%, Me personally = 11.8 MJ/kilogram, California = step one.1%, P = 0.6%) and you will maize (PG = nine.1%, Myself = 13.seven MJ/kg), from the a proportion of just one:step 1. It’s worth remembering one, at that decades, precisely the twin-mission and you may shaded eggshell breeds demonstrated a varying start of putting and you will egg design speed, whereas the fresh new hens belonging to the most other breeds of new Conservation Heart to possess Biodiversity and you may hatched meanwhile of your own read types, including the light eggshell types, didn’t begin putting (Padovana breed) or they presented an incredibly scant putting craft (Polverara breed), never attaining the endurance off ten% hen–big date egg development. The reason for the choice of the fresh Maintenance Center, not to ever fool around with a feed having putting hens during this era, is because of not pressuring the fresh pullets in order to eggs manufacturing through the a season having decreasing temperatures and you may photoperiod. The newest wild birds increased outside, less than beneficial standards having skeletal wellness, walking on crushed and around solar power rays. On the outdoor area for each and every breed, the presence of yard available to new wild birds is actually higher during the new increasing months than simply during the onset of installing, which took place after the summer months, if precipitation is scarce and you will did not allow for a lawn regrowth. Out-of 38 to 53 days of age, and you can below broadening photoperiod, the latest hens was basically fed a commercial pelleted offer having putting (PG = 16%, Myself = 11.5 MJ/kilogram, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Every nourishes consisted primarily away from maize and you may soybean.